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1955-
Herbert Bayer builds grass mound for Aspen Art Institute, Aspen, Colorado
1962-
Joseph Beuys proposes "action" to clean up Elbe River in Hamburg,
Germany
1965-
Hans Haacke's manifesto calls for time-based, dynamic, natural, indeterminate
art.
Alan Sonfist makes original drawings for Time Landscape
1968-
Agnes Denes performs Haiku Poetry Burial, Rice Planting and Tree Chaining/Exercises
in Eco-Logic, Sullivan County, New York
Patricia Johanson installs light responsive 1600-foot work along railroad,
Buskirk, New York
1969-
Haacke creates Grass Grows in response to 1965 manifesto, Ithaca, New
York
Sonfist publicly articulates the significance of native forests in urban
centers.
Sonfist monitors the air quality at 57th St & Fifth Avenue, 42nd Street
& Broadway, West Broadway & Houston Street, and Rector St. &
Broadway, and posts the results.
Betty Beaumont documents clean-up of worst U.S. oil spill, Santa Barbara,
California
Mierle Laderman Ukeles writes "Manifesto for Maintenance Art"
Johanson draws 100s of innovative designs for ecologically-integrated
gardens for an article commissioned by Home and Garden, but never published.
1970-
Newton Harrison performs Making Earth ritual in his studio.
Johanson realizes Cyrus Field, a path through the woods, Buskirk, New
York
Haacke creates Bowery Seeds to attract airborne seeds, New York, New York
1971-
Robert Smithson constructs Spiral Hill/Broken Circle in Emmen, the Netherlands
Beuys performs Bog Action and Forest Action, Germany
Bonnie Sherk performs Public Lunch with animals, the Lion House, San Francisco
Zoo
Laderman Ukeles publishes "Maintenance Art Manifesto,"Artforum,
January
1972-1979-
Helen and Newton Harrison realize seven projects for lagoons, California
1973-
David Tudor performs Island Eye Island Ear, sounds of island nature, Knavelskär,
Sweden
1973-1976-
Laderman Ukeles performs 17 Maintenance Performances, United Kingdom,
United States, and Israel
1973-1974-
Haacke proposes Vorschlag Niemandsland (Proposal No Man's Land),
Bonn, Germany
Johanson links school, woods and park space, Columbus East High School,
Columbus, Indiana
1974-
Beuys diagrams his Energy Plan for Western Man, New York, Chicago, Minneapolis.
1974-1980-
Sherk transforms barren site into local educational farm, San Francisco,
California
1975-
Sonfist realizes Pool of Earth, a 25-foot diameter clay site to catch
seeds, Artpark, Lewiston, New York
Sonfist creates Gene Banks, a collection of relics from a virgin hemlock
forest.
1977-
Denes plants half acre of white rice that "mutates" into red,
Artpark, Lewiston, New York
Beaumont's 100-foot diameter iron Cable Piece hastens grass growth,
Macomb, Illinois
Laderman Ukeles becomes New York Sanitation Department's Artist-in-Residence.
1977-1978-
The Harrisons' Spoils Pile blossoms into a meadow, Artpark, Lewiston,
New York
1978-
Sonfist plants Time Landscape, La Guardia Place, New York City
Buster Simpson installs Downspout-Plant Life Monitoring System, Pike Place
Public Market, Seattle, Washington
Simpson places concrete plates in Niagara River's sewage outfall
to demonstrate toxicity, New York
1978-1980-
Beaumont submerges a 150-foot long coral reef 50 miles off Atlantic Coast,
New York
1979-1981-
Laderman Ukeles shakes hands with 8,500 NYC sanitation workers.
1981-1986-
Johanson transforms algal bloom lagoon into thriving ecosystem, Dallas,
Texas
1982-
Denes harvests 1000 pounds of wheat, Battery Park Landfill, New York City
Ocean Earth introduces scheme to tax polluters gauged by satellite-imagery
data.
1982-1987-
Beuys' Save the Forest reforests Kassel with 7000 trees, Documenta
VII, Germany
1983-
Lynne Hull carves her first water collecting hydroglyph, Albany County,
Wyoming.
Laderman Ukeles Social Mirror reflects citizens onto garbage trucks, New
York City
Viet Ngo creates his first wastewater treatment plant that uses lemnas.
Simpson places first limestone pills in Tolt Watershed to counter acidity,
Seattle, Washington
1984-
Simpson places vitreous china plates in sewage outfalls in Seattle, Houston,
New York City, and Cleveland.
1985-
Harriet Feigenbaum rings coal-dust runoff pond with 60 Willows trees,
Scranton, Pennsylvania
1987-1996-
Johanson designs Endangered Garden for sewer facility, San Francisco,
California
1988-
Simpson conceives of a safe, inexpensive composting toilet for public
use.
Public Art Plan for Phoenix paves the way for ecoventions in urban infrastructure.
Ocean Earth publishes satellite imagery proving algal bloom occurring
off coast of Denmark.
1988-1991-
Denes builds responsive oasis, North Waterfront Park, 97-acre landfill,
Berkeley, California
1989-
British scientists writing in the London Times confirm Ocean Earth's
1986 analysis that Chernobyl's siting on an unstable landfill, not
the workers, caused the accident.
Hull builds her first floating island in Wyoming.
Georg Dietzler develops system to conserve acorn germination, Munich,
Germany.
1990-
Hull installs Lightning Raptor Roost, her first for eagles and hawks,
Red Desert, Wyoming
Betsy Damon founds Keepers of the Water to join communities, artists and
scientists.
1991-
Simpson places a nurse log to nurture a forest, Oregon Convention Center,
Portland, Oregon
1991-2000-
Aviva Rahmani restores town dump to salt water marsh, Vinalhaven, Maine
1992-
Finland announces Denes' forest at Rio Summit to counter environmental
damage.
Kathryn Miller first performs Seed Bombing the Landscape, Santa Barbara,
California
Miller lures butterflies by revegetating a neglected public park, Isla
Vista, California
1993-
Cambridge, Massachusetts citizens contribute clear, colored and stained
glass, and mirrors for Laderman Ukeles' Glasphalt Path.
Dietzler experiments with oyster mushrooms to clean PCB-contaminated soil,
Germany
1994- Miller and Michael Honer perform Desert Lawn, various sites near
Los Angeles, California
Reiko Goto, a botanist, entomologist and landscape architect create Cho-en,
an experimental butterfly habitat on the Moscone Center's roof, San
Francisco, California
1995-2000-
Basia Irland directs A Gathering of Waters: Rio Grande, Source to Sea
along 1885-mile river.
1995-
Harrison Studio openly discuss influential A Vision for the Green Heart
of Holland.
Miller revegetates plot of land under the Westgate Freeway, Melbourne,
Australia
1996-
Brandon Ballengée begins Amphibian Malformation Project with Stanley
Sessions
11,000 people become stewards for 11,000 trees planted on Denes'
man-made mountain, Pinziö gravel pits near Ylöjärvi, Finland.
1997-
Portion of Harrison Studio's Future Garden is moved to Rhineauen
Park, Bonn, Germany
CLUI introduces tours, Hinterland, Los Angeles Contemporary Exhibitions,
California
Tera Galanti first breeds silkworms backwards to achieve silkmoths that
fly.
1998-
Henrik Håkansson records sleeping anaconda for 3 hours,Yasuni National
Park, Ecuador
Håkansson monitors bats, owls, and insects residing in nest boxes,
Vischering, Germany
Simpson places Brush with Illumination in False Creek to measure pollution,
Vancouver, British Columbia
Hull builds owl houses and playground with Mayans, San Cristobal de las
Casas, Mexico
Hull works with Mayans to build monkey bridge and canoe trail, Punta Laguna,
Mexico
Denes' A Forest for Australia entails planting six thousand trees
in five spirals, Melbourne, Australia
Damon's The Living Water Garden features novel flow form designs,
Chengdu, China
Laurie Lundquist creates Waterbridge to circulate standing water, Tempe,
Arizona
1999-
Ballengée begins breeding Hymenochirus curtipes frogs backwards
in studio lab.
Irland installs Desert Fountain, The Albuquerque Museum, New Mexico
Team established to transform Nine Mile Run according to community guidelines.
Eco-art on-line dialogue established after College Arts Association panel
discussion on state-of-the-art environmental art.
2000-
Bundestag Speaker activates Haacke's Der Bervölkerung, The Reichstag,
Berlin, Germany
Håkannson constructs A Thousand Leaves, a beach-side meadow, Helsinki,Finland
Denes delivers Nieuwe Hollandse Waterlinie, 25-year Masterplan, Fort Asperen,
the Netherlands
2001-
CLUI installs Dutch Landscape information kiosk, Fort Asperen Foundation,
the Netherlands
Ballengée surveys malformed amphibians in ponds, Fairfield County,
Ohio
Håkansson installs Zeewolde Field Library, Zeewolde, the Netherlands
Jackie Brookner's Gift of Water cleanses water re-entering pool,
Grossenhain, Germany
AMD&ART complete Vintondale, a 35-acre reclaimed mine, Vintondale,
PennsylvaniaEcovention dovetails with Rio+10, the UN-sponsored summit
on urban ecology. Dozens of ecoventions are coming into fruition in 2002.
To follow is a survey:
2002-
Rahmani is restoring dozens of small eco-zones to stimulate the St. Louis
watershed.
Steinmann builds Forum for Sustainability, an ecological research center,
Kobi, Russia
Steinman, Lacy, and Kobayashi develop program for eco-tourism, Elkhorn
City, Kentucky
Mel Chin develops S.W.I.N.G., an economically sustainable community model,
Detroit, Michigan
Johanson's designs transform meridian strips, landfills, and a sanitation
facility into public parks in Salina, Kansas; Ulsan Park and Millennium
Park, both Seoul, Korea; and Petaluma, California, respectively.
Damon begins to renovate 47 km portion of Wen Yu He River, Beijing,China.
A Short
History of Eco-Art Exhibitions
1951-
"The New Landscape in Art and Science," Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge,
1966-
Hans Haacke grows grass on a Plexiglas cube (anticipates Bob Bingham's
growing grass on slag for Nine Mile Run), Howard Wise Gallery, New York,
New York
1967-
Gyorgy Kepes opens Center for Advanced Visual Studies at Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Cambridge
1968-
Newton Harrison grows a lily cell in a medium, Howard Wise Gallery, New
York, New York "The Art of the Real," Museum of Modern Art,
New York, New York (travels)
1969-
"Earth Art" (Haacke, Smithson, Oppenheim, Morris + 5), Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York
1970-
Haacke performs Ten Turtles Set Free, Fondation Maeght, St. Paul de Vence,
France
"Explorations: Towards a Civic Art," Smithsonian Institute,
Washington, D.C.
"Expo 70- New Art: Art and Technology," United States Pavilion,
Osaka, Japan
1971-
Helen Harrison performs Fish Feast for 500 people, The Hayward Gallery,
London, United Kingdom
"Earth, Air, Fire, and Water: Elements of Art," Museum of Fine
Art, Boston, Massachusetts
"Art and Technology," Los Angeles County Museum of Art, California
"Earth: Animal, Vegetable, Mineral," La Jolla Museum of Contemporary
Art, California
Alan Sonfist presents 1969 air monitoring action, Reese Palley Gallery,
New York, New York
1972-
Haacke, Rhinewater Purification Plant, Museum Haus Lange, Krefeld, Germany
Helen Harrison performs Citrus Feast for 175 people, Cal-State Univ.,
Fullerton, California
Alan Sonfist, Colony of Army Ants (live indoor anthill plus videos contrasting
urban dwellers and ant life), Automation House, New York City, New York
1973-
Helen Harrison performs Making Strawberry Jam, Cal. State Univ., Fullerton,
California.
"Art in Space," Detroit Institute of Arts, Michigan
"Patricia Johanson: A Selected Retrospective," Bennington College,
Vermont
Mierle Laderman Ukeles, Maintenance Art, Wadsworth Atheneum, Hartford,
Connecticut
1974-
Beuys performs Coyote. I Like America and America Likes Me, Rene Bloch,
New York City
Patricia Johanson: "Some Approaches to Landscape, Architecture and
the City," Montclair State College, New Jersey
1975-
"Art in Landscape," Independent Curators Inc., New York City
(travels 2 years)
"A Response to the Environment," Rutgers University Gallery,
New Brunswick, New Jersey
1977-
Harrisons perform From the Great Lakes Meditation, Center for 20th Century
Studies, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Laderman Ukeles, "I Make Maintenance Art 1 Hour Every Day,"
Whitney Downtown
1978-
Ocean Earth participates in "Earth Net: An Economic System,"
Baxter Art Museum, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
"Artists Investigate the Environment," Municipal Art Gallery,
Los Angeles, California
"Celebration of Water," Cooper-Hewitt Museum, Smithsonian Institution,
New York City
"Patricia Johanson: Plant Drawings for Projects," Rosa Esman
Gallery, New York City
1979-
"Earthworks: Land Reclamation as Sculpture," Seattle Art Museum,
Seattle, Washington
"Dialogue, Discourse, Research," Santa Barbara Museum of Art,
California
1979-1982-
Herbert Bayer's Mill Creek Canyon Earthworks cleans stormwater runoff,
in conjunction with Seattle Art Museum exhibition, Seattle, Washington
1981-
Duisburg Oeffnet Sich (group show with Ocean Earth, Beuys and others),
Ruhrgebiet, Germany
"Artists' Parks and Gardens," Museum of Contemporary Art,
Chicago, Illinois (travels)
"Patricia Johanson: Landscapes," Rosa Esman Gallery,New York
City
1982-
"Space Force in Action," Ocean Earth's acid-rain analysis,
Kunsthalle Düsseldorf, Germany
"Common Ground: Five Artists in the Florida Landscape,"Ringling
Museum, Sarasota, Florida
"Patricia Johanson: A Project for the Fair Park Lagoon," Dallas
Museum of Fine Arts, Texas
1983-
The Harrisons, "Guadaloupe Meander,A Refugia for San Jose,"San
Jose Museum of Art,California
1984-
Ocean Earth, "Television Government," Kunsthalle Berlin, Berlin,
Germany
1985-
The Harrisons, "Arroyo Seco Release," Baxter Gallery, Cal-Tech,
Pasadena, California The Harrisons, "The Lagoon Cycle," Johnson
Museum, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
Ocean Earth, Command, Control, Communication + Intelligence (C3I) performance,
Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota
1987-
Part-time Ocean Earth participant Ingo Günther exhibits Ocean Earth
material at "Documenta VIII," Kassel, Germany
The Harrisons, "The Lagoon Cycle," Los Angeles County Museum
of Art, California
1987-
Grain from Denes' wheatfield travel in "The International Show
to End World Hunger," Minnesota Museum of Art, Minneapolis, (travels
to 13 countries/4 continents)
1988-
"Off Site:Artists in Response to the Environment," Richmond
Art Center, Richmond, Virgnia
Laderman Ukeles, "The New Urban Landscape," World Financial
Center, New York City
"La Nature de l'Art," Parque de la Villette, CitÈ
des Sciences et de l'Industrie and l'Institute Goethe, Paris,
France.
1989-
The Harrisons, "The Sava River," Yugoslavia, Neuen Berliner
Kunstverein, Berlin, Germany
"Urban Sites:Artists and Urban Strategies," California College
of Arts and Crafts Gallery, Oakland, California
"Ressource Kunst, Künstlerhaus Bethanien," Akademie der
Künste, Berlin, Germany
Buster Simpson, "Face Plate," Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture
Garden, Washington,D.C.
1990-
"Revered Earth," Contemporary Arts Museum, Houston, TX (travels
2 years)
The Harrisons, "The Sava River," Yugoslavia, Moderna Galerija,
Ljublijana, Yugoslavia (travels)
1991-
"Europa," Ocean Earth present satellite monitoring of each of
Europe's 13 ocean basins, Kunstraum Daxer, Munich, Germany
"Heimaten," Ocean Earth presents satellite monitoring of 4 Black
Sea sites, Wiener Festwochen, Vienna, Austria
Mel Chin plants Revival Field with Dr. Rufus Chaney, Pig's Eye Landfill,
Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota
1992-
"Fragile Ecologies," Queens Art Museum, Queens, New York (travels
2 years)
Ocean Earth text exhibited at "Documenta IX," Kassel, Germany
"Completing the Circle: Artists Books on the Environment," Minnesota
Center for Book Arts.
"Imperiled Shores," The Baxter Gallery, Portland School of Art,
Portland, Maine
1993-
"The Coastal Project 1988-93 A Retro.," C.C.S. Gallery, U.C.,
Santa Barbara, California
The Harrisons, "Serpentine Lattice," Cooley Art Gallery, Reed
College, Portland, Oregon
"Ocean Earth: for a World Which Works," retrospective, Neue
Galerie am Landesmuseum Joanneum, Graz, Austria
Ocean Earth exhibit Oil-Free Corridor, "Venice Biennale Aperto,"
Venice, Italy
"Creative Solutions to Ecological Issues," Dallas Museum of
Natural History, Texas (travels)
Ocean Earth exhibit Giant Algae System/Clean Air Rig, Strategie Globale,
FRAC Poitou-Charentes, Angoulême, France (travels throughout France
1993-96)
"Kunst-Kultur-Ökologie" (the Harrisons), Bea Voigt Gallery,
Munich, Germany
"The Nature of the Machine (kinetic and biokinetic art)," Chicago
Cultural Center, Chicago, Illinois
1994-
Ocean Earth, "Startbahn Österreich," a bird path, Galerie
Metropol, Vienna, Austria
"Eurasian Scenario," Ocean Earth exhibit basins, Mark Joancou
Gallery, London, United Kingdom
"Lure of the Local" (Lucy Lippard, curator), Colorado University
Gallery, Boulder, Colorado
"Effect or Infect (Art and Ecology)" (Hull, Harrisons), Soho
20, New York City
"Art as if the World Matters," Dahl Fine Arts Center, Rapid
City, South Dakota
"A Natural Dialogue," International Sculpture Center, New York
City (travels to D.C.)
Laderman Ukeles, "Garbage! The History and Politics of Trash in NYC,"
New York Public Library, New York City
"Re: Regarding,Recycling, Revaluing," Step Gallery,Arizona State
University,Tempe, Arizona
1995-
"Eco Nation" (Simpson, Steinman, Collins/Goto...), Bedford Gallery,
Walnut Creek, California
"Division of Labor: Women's Work in Contemporary Art,"
Bronx Museum of the Arts, New York
Harrison Studio, "A Vision for the Green Heart of Holland,"
small chapel, Gouda, Nevada
Ocean Earth alternatives to dams, Landkraft, Kunstlerhaus Thurn &
Taxis, Bregenz, Austria
Miller and Honer, "Lawns in the Desert," Municipal Art Gallery,Los
Angeles, California
1996-
Dietzler creates a mushroom column in situ, San Francisco Art Institute,
California
Harrison Studio plants "Future Garden-Part 1: The Endangered Meadows
of Europe" atop Bundes Kunst-und Ausstellungshalle der Bundesrepublik
Deutschland, Bonn, Germany
Ocean Earth proposes to fix Chernobyl's hydrological pressure, Steffany
Martz, New York City
"TRILOGY-Art Nature-Science," Kunsthallen Brandts Klædefabrik,
Odense, Denmark
Art About the Environment, Center for Art and Earth, New York City
Lynne Hull (solo) "Trans-species," Adams State College, Alamosa,
Colorado
"Post-Waste" (Dietzler presents portable mushroom patch), Arts
Benicias, Benicia, California
Henrik Håkansson, Z.O.N.E. for frogs,"Nowhere," Louisiana
Museum, Humlebæk, Denmark
1997-
"The Grasslands: Urban Wasteland Transformed," Melbourne International
Art Festival
Ocean Earth, Circulatory System, Antartica-oriented maps,
"Desert Flood", New York City
Harrison Studio, "Green Heart Vision," Kunstmuseum Bonn, Germany
Center for Land Use Interpretation, "Hinterland: A Voyage into Exurban
Southern California," Los Angeles Contemporary Exhibitions, California
Lynne Hull (solo), University of Illinois Gallery, Springfield, Illinois
Håkansson, Out of the Black into the Blue, Nordic Pavilion,Venice
Biennale, Italy
Alan Sonfist, "History and the Landscape," The University of
Iowa Museum,Iowa City, Iowa
Laurie Lundquist, "Surface Tension," Joseph Gross Gallery, University
of Arizona, Tempe, Arizona
Dietzler installs Oyster Mushroom Growing Experiment I, "Laboratory
for Plant Growing," Le Jardin des Biotechnologies, La Cité
des Sciences et de l'Industrie, Paris, France
AMD&ART, "From Rust to Renewal," travels for two years in
Pennsylvania.
1998-
Ocean Earth, sole-non Yugoslavian participant in ocean conference, Zagreb,
Yugoslavia
"Watershed," Euphrat Museum, Cupertino, California
Håkansson, After Forever (after all), "Greenhouse Effect,"
Serpentine Gallery, London, United Kingdom
AMD&ART, Testing the Waters, "Eco-Revelatory Design: Nature Constructed/Nature
Revealed," Temple Buhl Gallery, University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana,
Illinois (travels two years).
1999-
CLUI-"Commonwealth of Technology: Extrapolations on the Contemporary
Landscape of Massachusetts," List Center for Visual Arts, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Cambridge
Nine Mile Run-Greenway Project, "Conversations in the Rust Belt:
Brownfields into Greenways," Wood St. Galleries, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Håkansson, "Tomorrow and Tonight," roof-garden surveillance,
Kunsthalle Basel,Switzerland
CLUI, "One Hundred Places in Washington," Center on Contemporary
Art, Seattle, Washington
"Oil & Water," Arizona Museum for Youth, Mesa, Arizona
Jackie Brookner, Prima Lingua, "Drip, Blow, Burn/ Forces of
Nature in Contemporary Art," Hudson River Museum, Yonkers, New York
"Natural Reality" (Collins/Goto, Dietzler), Ludwig Forum, Aachen,
Germany
2000-
Ocean Earth, China Basin Plans, "Ecologies," Smart Museum of
Art, U.C.,Chicago, Illinois
"Our Planet, Ourselves" (Hull among others), St. Louis, Missouri
Jackie Brookner, I'm You, "Abundant Invention," Wave Hill,
Bronx, New York
Henrik Håkansson, "Sweat Leaf," Galerie fur Zeitgenössiche
Kunst Leipzig, German
"The Natural Order (Hull)," The Landmark Gallery, Texas Tech
University, Lubbock, Texas
Brandon Ballengée, "The Red Bloom and Brown Tide: A Visual
Survey of Toxic Microalgae," C.W. Post campus, Long Island University,
Brookville, New York
"Sites Around the City," 26 projects in different locations,
organized by Arizona State University Museum, Tempe, Arizona
2001-
CLUI- "Formations of Erasure," Storefront for Art and Architecture,
New York City
CLUI- "Curious Orange," Beall Center for Art and Technology,
University of California, Irvine, California
CLUI- "Back to the Bay: Exploring the Margins of the San Francisco
Bay Region,"Yerba Buena Center for the Arts, San Francisco, California
Ballengée exhibits backward bred frogs in "Paradise Now,"
Exit Art, New York City
Ocean Earth, "Sea Change growth of algae/fermentation/gas flame,"
Exeter, United Kingdom
Ocean Earth, "Policy Models," Rockford Art Museum, Rockford,
Illinois
"Six Proposals for Fresh Kills Landfill," Staten Island Institute
of Arts and Sciences, travels to Municipal Art Gallery, New York City
Ballengée exhibits Ever Changing Tide, Queens Museum of Art, New
York
"Post-Landscape: between Nature and Culture," Pomona College
Museum of Art, California
Lynne Hull (solo) "Corridors and Connections," FC-MOCA, Ft.
Collins, Colorado
2002-
Aviva Rahmani, "If...," Center for Maine Contemporary Art, Rockport,
Maine
AMD&ART's Vintondale project is presented at "Documenta
XI," Kassel, Germany.
In conjunction with Ecovention at the Contemporary Arts Center, Cincinnati,
Ohio: Hull places floating islands on ponds in Swaim Park and Rowe Woods,
and launches water kites on Mill Creek, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Brookner works with Mill Creek Restoration Project, Cincinnati Recreation
Commission, and Human Nature to develop bio-sculpture that cleanses street
runoff before entering the Mill Creek, Cincinnati, Ohio.
CLUI photo-documents 20 man-made landforms in Ohio.
Simpson constructs complex vertical garden outside CAC to cleanse HVAC
runoff before it dumps into public sewer.
Ocean Earth works with Robert Vitale of the Water Wheel Factory to adapt
Poncelet undershot Water WheelTM for deep rivers, North Carolina and Ohio.
Ballengée broadcasts experiments to determine cause of amphibian
malformation via an internet connection from Queens, New York to the CAC.
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